Had a lengthy and
interesting conversation
on Facebook with someone who described himself as an amateur
historian and appeared to be suggesting that Black people
weren’t ready for emancipation in 1865.
He was initially
upset by my posting a piece saying that Black Lives Matter people
drove off a group of white supremacists, or in
his telling, patriotic Georgians who were defending their
heritage.
We discussed whether
the Civil War was really all about slavery. I replied that
yes, it was. As evidence, I
supplied a link to the declarations of various Southern states in
1861 that made it very clear that, yes, slavery was the issue
that was uppermost in their minds when the war commenced.
We got into a
discussion about Black people in the South who died in the years
immediately after they were freed from slavery.
Former slaves were left without any livelihood or means of support.
They simply moved into the woods and lived a stone-age
hunter-gatherer existence. According to a speech given by the
Governor of Mississippi, it resulted in the death of one million
blacks - dwarfing the combined deaths of Union and Confederate
soldiers.
I first encountered this in one of Sierra Club founder John Muir's
adventure books. He met such a family while on his thousand-mile walk
from Indiana to Florida. His description is appalling.
He supplied a
link to a piece that confirmed this after I searched around and
found
an author who confirmed that yes, perhaps a million Black people
died during Reconstruction. He appeared to hint and suggest that
Black people just weren’t ready for freedom by suggesting that it
was the Emancipation Proclamation that killed them.
My own theory is
taken from Carl von Clausewitz, who wrote On
War. He lived from 1780 to 1831. The book was published after he
died. He was a Prussian general in the Napoleonic wars. Basic idea of
the book was that war is politics by another means. What this tells
us is that the occupation that follows the fighting can be just as
important to victory as the battlefield combat is.
Let’s start with
the idea of “40 acres and a mule.” The single most profitable
investment a Southerner could make was land and slaves. How much
money were
Southern landowners putting into land and slaves?
Since planters needed ever more funds to invest in land and labor,
they drew on global capital markets; without access to the resources
of New York and London, the expansion of slave agriculture in the
American South would have been all but impossible.
So then, all of the
sudden in 1865, all of the labor that plantation owners had purchased
as an investment, walked off the job. Contracts are based on mutual
advantage. Slaves weren’t getting any advantage, so there was no
reason for them to stay on the job once the force that had been
keeping them there was removed.
So the popular idea
was to simply confiscate those plots of 40 acres from Southern
landowners. That would most likely have required more force than
Northerners were willing to deploy. When people who have lost a
fortune are pressed further, they’ll strike back.
Now, if I were the
George Marshall of the Lincoln Administration (See Marshall
Plan of 1948) and was put in charge of planning the post-war
reconstruction of the South, I’d give each freed slave money enough
to purchase “40 acres and a mule.” That way, Southern
landowners would get something out of the deal, even though
they’d lose land and might switch to paying laborers as
opposed to simply forcing them into working. If the former slave
wanted to put money into industry instead, the US was starting up a
really expansive phase of the Industrial Revolution, so there were
plenty of opportunities there.
Why couldn’t the
US do that? Lincoln was assassinated and Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s
vice-President, took over. Back in those days, the idea of getting a
President and a Vice-President who were on the same page
philosophically, the way Harry Truman agreed with Franklin Delano
Roosevelt or that Lyndon Johnson agreed with John F. Kennedy, hadn’t
really been developed yet. Andrew Johnson didn’t regard Black
people as
deserving of full civil rights.
Most importantly, Johnson's strong commitment to obstructing
political and civil rights for blacks is principally responsible for
the failure of Reconstruction to solve the race problem in the South
and perhaps in America as well.
So, while the deaths
of about a million Black people during Reconstruction is a really
terrible thing, it’s not clear there was any obvious solution that
the country was willing to accept.